In works on Chinese socioeconomic history prior to 1800，the market-centered paradigm contends that commercialization is the principal source for economic development.The rise of a market economy，first，during the Tang-Song transformation between the ninth and the eleventh centuries，and second，during the Ming-Qing transformation between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries，had unshackled the economy and society from political and social constraints.40360916 Although foreign trade played an integ